Option: absence you can't ignore in Scala

What should a lookup return when the key isn't there? Many languages answer "null" and let you find out at runtime, the hard way. Scala answers with a real type: Option[A]. An Option is a box that is in exactly one of two states — Some(value) when there is a value, or None when there isn't. Because the box is part of the type, the compiler makes absence impossible to overlook: Map.get gives you an Option[String], not a String, so you cannot pretend the lookup always succeeds.

val capitals = Map("France" -> "Paris", "Japan" -> "Tokyo")

capitals.get("Japan")    // Some(Tokyo)  — an Option[String], not a String
capitals.get("Brazil")   // None         — no crash, just a value saying "nothing here"

Two everyday ways to open the box:

// 1. getOrElse — the value, or your fallback (safe)
capitals.getOrElse("Brazil", "unknown")   // "unknown"

// 2. pattern match — handle BOTH states explicitly (safe, and unwraps for you)
capitals.get("Japan") match {
    case Some(city) => println(s"got $city")   // city is the plain String inside
    case None => println("nothing there")
}

The trap:

Scala still lets you demand a value directly — capitals("Brazil") (the bracket-style lookup) skips the Option and just trusts the key exists. When it doesn't, the program dies:

java.util.NoSuchElementException: key not found: Brazil
	at scala.collection.immutable.Map$Map2.apply(Map.scala:308)
	at Main$.main(Main.scala:4)

Its twin is calling .get on the Option itself — capitals.get("Brazil").get compiles happily and crashes identically:

java.util.NoSuchElementException: None.get

That is the exact crash Option exists to prevent. The rule experienced Scala developers follow: let lookups give you an Option, then leave the box through getOrElse or a match — never through a blind .get.

Assignment
Follow the Coding Tutorial and handle one present and one absent key, every safe way:

• build val capitals = Map("France" -> "Paris", "Japan" -> "Tokyo"),
• look up "Japan" (exists) and "Brazil" (doesn't) with .get, printing the raw Options,
• print both again through getOrElse(key, "unknown") — plain values, no wrapper,
• pattern match on each Option: case Some(city) for the hit, case None for the miss.

The exact expected output is:

found = Some(Tokyo)
missing = None
Japan or default = Tokyo
Brazil or default = unknown
Japan -> Tokyo
Brazil -> not found

Hint
Print with string interpolation: println(s"found = $found") shows the whole box (Some(Tokyo) or None), while case Some(city) => hands you the unwrapped city to print on its own.